By Fareed Khan
A version of this article can be found on Substack.
In an era of escalating tensions between Canada and the United
States—marked by unjustified US tariffs, trade wars, economic coercion, and
outright threats to Canadian sovereignty—Ottawa faces a pivotal decision on the
replacement of the Royal Canadian Air Force’s CF-18 fighter jet fleet. The
longstanding plan to acquire 88 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
jets built in the United States has become untenable.
American diplomatic pressure, exemplified by US Ambassador Pete
Hoekstra’s explicit threats about
altering arrangements under the North American aerospace defence treaty, and
increasing incursions into Canadian airspace by the US Air Force unless Canada
fully commits to the F-35, underscores a troubling pattern of coercion.
Combined with broader US actions with Canada since Donald Trump returned to
office in January 2025, including tariffs that have severely impacted major
Canadian industries—steel, aluminum, softwood lumber--and inflammatory rhetoric
about annexing Canada as the “51st state”, a reliance on the American platform
would compromise Canada’s ability to act as a master in its own house.
Switching to the Swedish Saab Gripen would offer a compelling alternative with benefits that include:
lower purchase and operational costs, genuine sovereignty, industrial benefits
including technology transfers, and proven operational effectiveness.
Since the government of Justin Trudeau announced the finalization of the F-35 contract
in 2023 the program’s costs have ballooned dramatically. Canada’s Parliamentary Budget Officer
(PBO) has reported that the projected life cycle cost of the F-35 purchase has
surged from an original estimate of C$19 billion to C$29 billion, reflecting
ongoing delays, upgrades, and sustainment overruns.
Recent incidents also highlight persistent reliability issues. Two
brand-new British F-35s were stranded in the
Azores for over two months due to mechanical problems during delivery flights,
while another RAF F-35B was grounded in India for more than a month after a
technical snag. These are not isolated anomalies but symptoms of deeper
systemic challenges.
The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports since 2020 paint
an even more concerning picture of chronic program failures. In its September 2025 report the GAO documented that all
110 F-35 aircraft delivered by Lockheed Martin in 2024 were late by an average
of 238 days—a sharp deterioration from an already poor average of 61 days late
in 2023. Supply chain challenges, parts shortages, and issues with critical
hardware and software upgrades were primary drivers.
Additionally, the modernization effort known as “Block 4”—software
upgrades which are the foundation of the modernization—is ineffective, has seen
costs balloon by more than US$6 billion above original estimates, and is now at
least five years behind schedule, with full capabilities potentially not
available until 2031 or later. Over 180 airframes produced since mid-2023 have
been impacted, with the new software delivering effectively zero new combat
capability throughout much of 2025 in related assessments.
Sustainment costs represent another major red flag. The GAO has
repeatedly highlighted rising operation and support expenses. Projected fleet
sustainment costs, for the US and partner nations, now stand at US$1.58
trillion, pushing the total program life cycle cost (acquisition plus lifetime
sustainment) well over US$2 trillion. Mission-capable rates for all F-35
variants have consistently fallen short of targets for years, driven by poor reliability,
maintainability shortfalls, engine issues, and the very supply chain problems
causing delivery delays. These challenges echo long-standing criticisms that
the program continues to “over promise and under deliver” nearly two decades
into the program. The Pentagon has faced criticism for downplaying the full
scale of these troubles, and as a result Canada risks inheriting an aircraft
platform plagued by late deliveries, incomplete capabilities, and dependency on
unreliable US supply chains for parts and software updates—a vulnerability
Washington would likely exploit amid disputes with Canada.
Even the F-35’s much-vaunted stealth advantage is increasingly
questioned with the stealth coating peeling off
in supersonic flight. Furthermore, Russia and China have
developed low-frequency radars and other systems, such as Very High Frequency
radar bands, infrared tracking via satellites/drones, and other developments in
detection technology, which claim to detect and track F-35s at ranges that make
the aircraft vulnerable. While detection does not equal successful engagement,
these advances erode the first-look/first-kill advantage promised by Lockheed
in contested environments, especially against peer adversaries.
By contrast, the Saab Gripen delivers superior value.
Unit costs for the Gripen E version are competitive, often cited in the
C$80–C$100 million range depending on configuration, compared to F-35A flyaway
prices that frequently exceed C$100 million when factoring in ancillary
expenses. The real savings emerge in operations. F-35 flight-hour costs are
reported between C$45,500 and C$69,000, while Gripen figures range from
approximately C$6,900 to C$12,400, making the Gripen as much as 4–5 times
cheaper to operate on a sustained basis. Over a fleet life cycle, this
translates to billions in savings for Canadian taxpayers, enabling a higher
total of flight hours and better pilot training.
The Gripen’s design also emphasizes independence and practicality. It is
able to operate from short, austere strips (including public highways),
requires minimal support infrastructure, and can be turned around rapidly by
small teams. This dispersed operations capability is ideal for Canada’s vast
geography and Arctic needs, unlike the F-35’s more demanding maintenance
footprint which requires longer runways, special heated hangars, and a larger
support air crew with specialized training.
Additionally, the F-35 demands roughly up to 13 maintenance man-hours
per hour of flight—burdened by its complex stealth coatings, specialized
systems, and persistent supply chain issues—while the Saab Gripen achieves far
greater efficiency with less than 10 man-hours per flight hour and
significantly lower effective demands thanks to its rapid turnaround design,
austere-field operability, and minimal support requirements. Crucially,
sourcing from Sweden insulates Canada from US leverage over parts, software, or
upgrades during political disagreements. Canada would retain full sovereignty
over its air force rather than operating under implicit American veto power.
Saab’s industrial package also makes the decision to switch from the
F-35 even more attractive and logical. The company has proposed assembly of the
aircraft in Canada, technology transfer, and a joint venture potentially
partnering with Bombardier in Montreal and Toronto. Public reports indicate
this could create up to 12,600 high-skilled jobs in manufacturing, R&D, and
related aerospace sectors, with significant GDP contributions and offsets
meeting Canada’s 100% industrial benefits requirements. Partnerships with
Bombardier, CAE (virtual training
simulators), and others would build sovereign aerospace capabilities in Canada
that would last decades.
Public sentiment in Canada also strongly supports re-evaluation. A
number of polls, including EKOS surveys, show a majority of Canadians favouring the
Gripen or a mixed fleet over sole reliance on the F-35, particularly
tensions with the US. Many view the Gripen as a path to genuine independence
from US control over Canada’s defence. And while critics argue a mixed fleet
introduces logistical complexity, this overlooks the F-35’s own sustainment
woes documented by the GAO and the Gripen’s interoperability advancements.
What hasn’t been widely reported is that Gripen platform has excelled in
exercises against American fighter jets,
demonstrating it can hold its own in realistic scenarios while offering far
higher operational availability. In an era of drone swarms and contested
airspace, quantity and affordability can complement quality. Even Elon Musk and Donald Trump have publicly
criticized the F-35’s exorbitant costs, validating concerns about over-reliance
on this platform.
We also have to consider the broader geopolitical context which cannot
be ignored. American tariffs on Canadian goods, threats tied to border security
and trade, and Ambassador Hoekstra’s statements about NORAD adjustments and
increased US flights over Canada signal that Washington views allied
procurement as a loyalty test rather than a sovereign decision. Continuing with
the F-35 under these conditions would reward coercion and effectively make
Canadian autonomy subservient to US priorities. By pivoting to the Gripen,
Canada would assert control over its defence procurement, diversify suppliers,
bolster domestic industry, and save substantial funds for other federal
priorities.
The original F-35 commitment was made in a completely different
political era—before President Trump’s tariffs, annexation rhetoric, and
explicit threats against Canadian sovereignty. That era is gone. Today’s stark
realities—ballooning costs confirmed by both Canada’s Parliamentary Budget
Officer and the US Government Accountability Office, repeated reliability
scandals, chronic delivery delays, endless modernization failures, an eroding
stealth advantage, and overt American coercion—cry out for an immediate and
decisive reset.
Cancelling the remaining F-35 orders in favour of the Saab Gripen would
not be a retreat. It would be a bold, necessary declaration of sovereignty and
fiscal responsibility. This strategic pivot would deliver affordability,
operational independence, and long-term resilience while restoring Canada’s
control over its own air force. It would position Canada as a proud, mature
middle power charting its own destiny—capable of fulfilling its NORAD and NATO
obligations without kneeling to foreign pressure or compromising its autonomy.
The time for decisive action is now. When it comes to the defence of
this nation and the sacred principle of Canadian sovereignty, there can be only
one answer—Canada must be the master in its own house.
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