Celebrating Canada Day: A rightward political drift, post 9/11, and sleepwalking towards a cliff (Part 2)

The convergence of Canada’s treatment of Indigenous peoples, the escalating attacks on residential school truth‑telling, and the vilification of pro‑Palestinian demonstrators reveals a political environment where dissent is increasingly criminalized and racialized communities are systematically targeted.

By Fareed Khan

A version of this article can be found on Substack.

As Canadians get set to celebrate Canada Day tomorrow, we all need to demand an honest assessment of the country’s political trajectory. Since the post‑9/11 era, Canada has been drifting steadily to the right, reshaping its laws, institutions, and public discourse in ways that erode civil liberties, normalize racism and Islamophobia, and legitimize far‑right political views. Many Canadians, comforted by the belief that “it can’t happen here,” are sleepwalking Canada towards a cliff and the rest of us are doing little or nothing to stop it.

The post‑9/11 security climate marked a turning point. Under the banner of fighting terrorism, Canada expanded surveillance, strengthened security agencies, and introduced legislation that disproportionately targeted Muslims, Arabs, and other racialized communities. Islamophobia became embedded in policy and practice, with Muslim communities treated as suspect and their institutions subjected to heightened scrutiny. This securitized mindset has never fully receded, it has simply shifted targets and language.

Recent commentary has documented how Islamophobia and anti‑Palestinian racism have become entrenched at the highest levels of Canadian politics. One analysis of the appointment of MP Anthony Housefather as special advisor on antisemitism argues that his record of pushing anti‑Palestinian narratives reflects a government willing to appease pro‑Israel organizations while ignoring the surge in hate against Palestinians and Muslims. This is not an isolated incident; it reflects a broader pattern in which those who protest genocide are smeared, surveilled, and punished.

Since October 7, 2023, this pattern has intensified. Palestinians and their allies have been vilified as “terrorists” and “antisemitic” simply for opposing Israeli state violence and pointing out that it is committing genocide in Gaza. Pro‑Palestinian protesters have faced harassment, doxing, job loss, and political condemnation. It can be safely said that Palestinians are “the most persecuted people in the world today,” in light of the fact that Western leaders—including Canada’s—have seemingly shed their humanity towards Palestinians by treating their deaths at Israeli hands as acceptable collateral damage. The refusal of both the Justin Trudeau and Mark Carney governments to intervene to stop genocide, do nothing beyond issuing PR platitudes, even as polls show overwhelming Canadian opposition to current Canadian policy, exposes the gap between democratic rhetoric and actual practice.

This widening gap is where Canada’s rightward drift becomes most visible. When hundreds of thousands of Canadians march against the Gaza genocide and their leaders respond by continuing arms sales, diplomatic cover, and launching smear campaigns against protesters, democracy becomes a façade. A detailed analysis of Canada’s complicity in the Gaza genocide argues that successive governments have maintained military cooperation with Israel despite clear evidence of genocidal acts, thereby breaching both domestic and international legal obligations. This is not just foreign policy failure; it is moral bankruptcy.

At the same time, Canada’s right‑wing parties have moved further into territory that can only be described as quasi‑fascist. The Conservative Party under Pierre Poilievre has embraced rhetoric and talking points that mirror those of the Republican Party under Donald Trump—attacks on “woke” culture, demonization of refugees and immigrants, hostility toward journalists and academics, and a constant framing of political opponents as enemies of “real Canadians.” While the specifics differ, the underlying strategy is familiar—weaponize resentment, stoke cultural division, and present strongman politics as the solution to perceived chaos.

The People’s Party of Canada (PPC), led by Maxime Bernier, has played a crucial role in legitimizing far‑right discourse even without major electoral success. A 2021 analysis of the PPC argues that the party has normalized racist, xenophobic, and anti‑immigrant narratives, giving them a veneer of political respectability. By railing against “globalists,” attacking immigration, and flirting with conspiracy theories, the PPC has helped shift the narrative—making previously fringe ideas part of mainstream debate. Even if the PPC fails at the ballot box, its impact on political culture is undeniable.

This is how far‑right politics advances, not only through winning elections, but through changing what is considered acceptable to say in public. When parties like the PPC push fascist talking points—about “invasions,” “replacement,” or the supposed threat posed by racialized communities—they create space for larger parties to adopt softer versions of the same narratives. Over time, the centre of gravity moves rightward, and what once seemed extreme becomes ordinary.

Meanwhile, Canada’s media ecosystem has often amplified these shifts rather than resisting them. Right‑wing commentators and outlets have demonized pro‑Palestinian protesters, framed solidarity encampments as security threats, and echoed government talking points about “extremism” and “hate” against Jews, even though many Jews are part of the movement. Anti‑Palestinian racism and Islamophobia are not only present in political institutions, they are reproduced daily in Canada’s news media ecosystem, through coverage and opinion columns. Multiple published commentaries have argued that this media environment dehumanizes Palestinians and legitimizes state violence against them.

The convergence of Canada’s treatment of Indigenous peoples, the escalating attacks on residential school truth‑telling, and the vilification of pro‑Palestinian demonstrators reveals a political environment where dissent is increasingly criminalized and racialized communities are systematically targeted. The same forces that once justified the dispossession and dehumanization of Indigenous nations now rationalize contemporary efforts to suppress solidarity with Palestinians. Residential school denialism and anti‑Indigenous propaganda have become tools for undermining truth‑telling and defending the settler‑colonial status quo, while politicians, right‑wing media, and pro‑Israel advocacy networks deploy similar tactics to delegitimize pro‑Palestinian voices — branding them extremists, security threats, or enemies of “Canadian values.” In both cases, historical and ongoing state violence is obscured through narratives that portray marginalized communities as dangerous or suspect, and those who challenge official narratives as destabilizing forces. As a result, protests against genocide and colonialism are met with police crackdowns, university sanctions, employment terminations, and political condemnation, reinforcing a broader pattern in which far‑right narratives seep into mainstream discourse and the machinery of the state is mobilized to silence those who resist it.

Canadians often comfort themselves with the belief that “we’re not like the United States or the United Kingdom” and that what’s happening to their politics can’t happen here. But the trajectories are increasingly similar. In the US, the far right has captured The Republican Party and reshaped national politics around authoritarian impulses and racial resentment. In the UK, xenophobia and anti‑immigrant hysteria have become central pillars of political discourse, with far‑right groups exploiting economic instability and cultural anxiety. Canada is not immune because it is simply at an earlier stage of the same process.

As Canadians get set to mark Canada Day they must remember that a nation complicit in genocide cannot credibly celebrate itself as a force for good. When Canada continues to sell weapons to a state accused of genocide, refuses to support international legal efforts to hold that state accountable, and punishes those who protest its actions, it forfeits any claim to moral leadership. Silence is not neutrality—it is complicity.

Canada is at a crossroads. It can continue drifting down the path towards a right-wing, authoritarian future, with the scapegoating of racialized peoples, and moral abdication, or it can choose a different future. But that choice will not be made by politicians alone. It will be made by Canadians who decide whether to accept the drift or resist it.

Millions of Canadians will celebrate Canada Day tomorrow and they are free to do so. But if they celebrate without reflection, without reckoning, without pushing back against the rightward political drift that has been happening for years, they may find that the country they once celebrated no longer exists. And by then, it may be too late to turn back from the cliff.

© 2026 The View From Here. © 2026 Fareed Khan. All Rights Reserved.

Celebrating Canada Day: Colonial foundations and the myth of innocent celebrations (Part 1/2)

Canada is a settler‑colonial state which required the dispossession of Indigenous lands, the destruction of Indigenous societies, and the attempted erasure of Indigenous cultures and identities.

By Fareed Khan
A version of this article can be found on Substack.

In two days—July 1st—millions of Canadians will celebrate Canada Day. Yet few pause to ask what, exactly, is being celebrated. The familiar rituals—fireworks, barbecues, flags, and patriotic speeches—invite a comforting narrative of national unity and progress. But beneath this spectacle lies a reality that cannot be reconciled with easy patriotism—Canada was built on Indigenous genocide, white supremacy, and systemic racism. To celebrate Canada Day without acknowledging these foundations is to participate in a collective act of denial and an erasure of history.

Canada is a settler‑colonial state. Its creation required the dispossession of Indigenous lands, the destruction of Indigenous governance systems and societies, and the attempted erasure of Indigenous cultures and identities. Scholars of genocide and settler colonialism have long argued that colonization is not merely about land theft—it is about the destruction of peoples, laws, and ways of life. Residential schools, the Indian Act, forced relocations, the reserve system, and the criminalization of Indigenous ceremonies were not unfortunate mistakes. They were deliberate tools of a project aimed at eliminating Indigenous nations as self‑determining peoples, and as a result are today seen as acts of genocide.

In recent years, Canada has been forced to confront this history more directly. The National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls concluded in 2019 that the violence inflicted on Indigenous women, girls, and 2SLGBTQ+ people amounts to “deliberate race, identity, and gender‑based genocide.” Parliament has acknowledged genocide in relation to residential schools, and political leaders have used the term publicly. Yet recognition without transformation is hollow. The structures that enabled genocide—policing, courts, resource extraction, child welfare systems—continue to produce what scholars call “multisided violence,” where state action and inaction normalize conditions in which Indigenous people can be harmed or killed with impunity.

Canada Day, in this context, becomes a ritual of denying this nation’s ugly history. It invites Canadians to celebrate this country without reckoning with the fact that its very existence depended on the destruction of Indigenous societies. Even when Canada Day events include acknowledgements of Indigenous peoples, the underlying narrative often remains one of progress and benevolence: that Canada has “learned from its past” and is now on a path of reconciliation. Yet the rise of residential school denialism and anti‑Indigenous politics on the far right shows that even the limited gains of truth‑telling are under attack.

Some communities have attempted to reshape Canada Day to reflect this reality. In Winnipeg, organizers renamed the main July 1st event “A New Day,” cancelled fireworks, and centred reflection on colonialism and residential schools rather than uncritical patriotism. Such efforts are important, but they remain exceptions. Across the country, the dominant message is still one of pride, promoting unity, and celebrating with a nationalistic fervour—often with only a brief, symbolic nod to Indigenous history and suffering.

The problem is not simply that Canada has a violent past. It is that this violence continues in the present. Indigenous communities still face disproportionate rates of poverty, incarceration, child apprehension, and police violence. Encampments of unhoused people—many of them Indigenous—are destroyed in the name of “public safety,” while solidarity encampments protesting genocide and colonialism are violently dismantled by police. The criminalization of poverty and dissent is not a deviation from Canadian values, it is a continuation of the logic that has always governed this country, one where some lives are expendable in the service of order and property.

Contemporary commentary has drawn connections between Canada’s colonial foundations and its foreign policy. One writer argues that Canada’s complicity in the Gaza genocide reflects a continuity between domestic colonial violence and international support for state violence abroad. The argument suggests that a nation built on genocide at home is predisposed to enable or excuse genocide elsewhere. This perspective reframes Canada Day not as a celebration of national virtue but as a reminder of unresolved injustice.

Canada’s self‑image as a human‑rights champion is fundamentally at odds with its record. A country that still struggles to provide clean drinking water to Indigenous communities, that has failed to implement the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and that remains complicit in ongoing violence against Indigenous women and girls cannot credibly claim to embody justice and equality. When Canadians gather on July 1st to celebrate “our values,” they are often celebrating an illusion.

This does not mean there is nothing worth preserving in Canada. There is beauty in its landscapes, richness in its diversity, and potential in its institutions. But potential is not achievement, and celebration is not owed—it is earned. A nation that has yet to fully acknowledge, let alone repair, the harms it has inflicted on Indigenous peoples has not earned the right to uncritical celebration.

Canada Day, then, should not be a day of simple celebration. It should be a day of reckoning. A day to ask, what does it mean to celebrate a country whose birth was a catastrophe for the peoples who already lived here? What does it mean to wave a flag that has flown over residential schools, police raids, and courtrooms where Indigenous rights are denied? What does it mean to celebrate a society that erased the original nations of this land?

On Wednesday, millions of Canadians will celebrate Canada Day. But if they do so without confronting the genocidal and white supremacist foundations of this country, they are not celebrating a mature democracy—they are participating in a collective act of denial. The question is not whether Canada can be celebrated. The question is whether it has done the work necessary to deserve celebration.

Until Canada fully acknowledges its genocidal past and present, and commits to dismantling the structures that sustain colonial violence, Canada Day should be less about fireworks and more about reflection. Less about pride and more about responsibility. Less about what Canada imagines itself to be and more about what it has actually done.

Only then—if ever—will Canada Day be something more than a ritual that papers over injustice with celebration of the red and white maple leaf.

Part 2 will follow tomorrow.

© 2026 The View From Here. © 2026 Fareed Khan. All Rights Reserved.

Greater effort needed to root out hate and extremism from the Canadian Armed Forces

The Canadian military’s struggle with hate and extremism is not new. For over 30 years, the military has grappled with far right ideologies infiltrating its ranks.

  
By Fareed Khan

  

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) have long been a symbol of national pride, tasked with defending the nation and upholding its values. Yet, recent events have exposed a deeply troubling undercurrent within the ranks—the persistence of hate, racism, and extremism. From soldiers charged with terrorism to others filmed giving Nazi salutes, these incidents reveal a systemic problem that demands urgent and more aggressive action. The Department of National Defence (DND) must intensify its efforts to eradicate these toxic elements, not only to restore public trust but also to ensure the CAF reflects the diverse, inclusive Canada it serves. 

In July 2025, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) arrested four men, including two active CAF members, Cpl. Marc-Aurèle Chabot and Cpl. Matthew Forbes, for allegedly plotting to form an anti-government militia and seize land near Quebec City. The group had amassed an arsenal of 16 explosive devices, 83 firearms and accessories, approximately 11,000 rounds of ammunition of various calibres, nearly 130 magazines, four pairs of night vision goggles and military equipment—the largest weapons cache ever recovered in a Canadian terrorism case. The RCMP labelled this plot as “ideologically motivated violent extremism,” highlighting the group’s military-style training in shooting, ambush, and survival tactics. 

This incident marks a chilling escalation, as it is reportedly the first time active CAF members have faced terrorism-related charges.  Just weeks later, another scandal rocked the CAF when a video surfaced showing five Quebec-based soldiers allegedly performing Nazi salutes at a 2023 party. The Canadian Army suspended the soldiers and launched an investigation, with Lt.-Gen. Mike Wright condemning the behaviour as “completely unacceptable”. These incidents are not isolated. They follow a disturbing pattern of hateful conduct within the CAF, with 54 incidents reported in 2024—nearly double the 31 reported in 2023—according to the Hateful Conduct Incident Tracking System (HCITS). 

The CAF’s struggle with hate and extremism is not new. For over 30 years, the military has grappled with right-wing ideologies infiltrating its ranks. In 1993, members of the Canadian Airborne Regiment tortured and killed 16-year-old Shidane Arone during a peacekeeping mission in what has come to be known as the “Somalia Affair”. An inquiry revealed neo-Nazi and Ku Klux Klan symbols displayed at CFB Petawawa, exposing a culture tolerant of white supremacy. More recently, former reservist Patrik Mathews was sentenced to nine years in a US prison in 2021 for his role in a neo-Nazi plot to incite a race war. These cases underscore a recurring issue—the CAF has been a fertile ground for white supremacy, Islamophobia, antisemitism, and other hateful ideologies.  

The dangers posed by extremism within the military are uniquely severe. Unlike civilians, CAF members receive extensive training in handling high-powered weapons and explosives, as evidenced by the Quebec militia plot. This expertise, combined with access to military resources, amplifies the threat to public safety. The Minister of National Defence’s Advisory Panel On Systemic Racism And Discrimination warned that extremist groups actively recruit military personnel to exploit their tactical skills, with groups like The Base encouraging members to enlist for training.

The CAF’s “brotherhood” culture, where loyalty to comrades often trumps accountability, further complicates efforts to root out these elements. Soldiers are reluctant to report peers, fostering a “don’t ask, don’t tell” attitude that allows hateful conduct to fester.  

The CAF’s diversity crisis exacerbates the problem. Canada’s population is increasingly diverse, yet the military struggles to attract and retain visible minorities, religious minorities, and members of the LGBTQ2+ community. A 2022 report by the advisory panel on systemic racism found that the CAF’s toxic environment, marked by rampant discrimination, is “repulsing” potential recruits. Political scientist Andy Knight’s 2024 study for the DND revealed a culture favouring white, male, Christian values, marginalizing women, people of colour, and 2SLGBTQ+ individuals. This misalignment with Canada’s demographic reality hinders recruitment, with the CAF facing a shortfall of nearly 10,000 personnel.  

The recent $900-million settlement of a class-action lawsuit against the CAF for systemic racism underscores the depth of the problem. Filed in 2016, the lawsuit alleged a culture where derogatory slurs, racial harassment, and violent threats were tolerated, causing psychological harm and lost career opportunities. The settlement, finalized in 2025, acknowledges the CAF’s failure to address discrimination effectively. Yet, despite this acknowledgement, the resurgence of hateful conduct in 2024 suggests that current measures are insufficient.  

The DND has taken steps to address extremism, but they fall short. In 2020, the CAF introduced a hateful conduct policy, defining such behaviour and requiring soldiers to report it. The Hateful Conduct Incident Tracking System (HCITS) was established to track incidents, and since 2020, 364 cases have been recorded, with 21 members released for hateful conduct.  

However, a 2022 report criticized the CAF’s detection efforts as “siloed and inefficient,” noting that leaders often lack training to recognize extremist symbols or behaviours. The counter-intelligence unit, tasked with identifying extremists, is under-resourced and operates in isolation, hampering proactive measures. Experts like Barbara Perry, director of the Centre on Hate, Bias and Extremism, argue that the CAF’s culture inadvertently nurtures extremism. The emphasis on loyalty and patriotism aligns with narratives exploited by far-right groups, who see military training as a means to advance their agendas. The re-election of Donald Trump in 2024 has emboldened far-right sentiments in Canada, with some CAF members expressing anti-immigrant views tied to a “white ethnostate”. This external political climate underscores the urgency of internal reform.  

To root out hate and extremism, the DND must adopt a multi-faceted approach. First, it should enhance screening processes to identify extremist affiliations before enlistment. Current measures are inadequate, as evidenced by cases like Erik Myggland, a reservist who supported far-right groups but continued serving until 2021. Second, the CAF must improve training for leaders to recognize and address hateful conduct, including symbols like tattoos or patches associated with extremist groups. Third, the counter-intelligence unit needs more resources and better integration with civilian law enforcement to share intelligence on extremist threats.  

Cultural reform is equally critical. The CAF must dismantle the “brotherhood” mentality that discourages reporting. Policies should incentivize whistle blowing, with clear protections for those who report hateful conduct. General Jennie Carignan, Chief of Defence Staff, has emphasized that there is “no room” for extremism, but those words must translate into action.  

The CAF should also prioritize diversity in recruitment and leadership, ensuring that visible minorities and marginalized groups are not only welcomed but protected from hateful elements. Knight’s 2024 study recommends reshaping the military’s culture to align with Canada’s inclusive values, a step that could boost morale and address the personnel shortage.  

Public trust in the CAF is at stake. The presence of extremists undermines the military’s role as a defender of Canadian values, particularly when those values include diversity and inclusion. The defence minister has called for “relentless action” against discrimination, but incremental changes are not enough. The CAF must act decisively, with transparent accountability measures to demonstrate progress. This includes public reporting on HCITS data and disciplinary outcomes to rebuild confidence.  

The recent arrests and the Nazi salute video are stark reminders that hate and extremism remain entrenched in the CAF. These incidents are not just internal failures. They pose a direct threat to public safety given the military’s access to lethal training and resources. The DND must move beyond reactive measures and commit to systemic change. By strengthening screening, enhancing training, bolstering intelligence, and fostering an inclusive culture, the CAF can reclaim its role as a force for good. Canada’s diverse population deserves a military that reflects its values, not one tainted by the shadow of hate.

© 2025 The View From Here. © 2025 Fareed Khan. All Rights Reserved.

OP-ED -- Canada’s hypocrisy on ‘rule of law’ shows as Rohingya marks 7th Genocide Remembrance Day

With the world’s attention focussed on other international crises, it seems like the plight of the Rohingya no longer matters to nations like Canada which claim to be defenders of the so-called “international legal order.”

by Fareed Khan and Raiss Tinmaung

https://rabble.ca/politics/world-politics/rohingya-remembrance/

 

 

In September 2018 Canada took leadership on the world stage when it became the first country to recognize Myanmar’s atrocities against the Rohingya minority in that country as genocide. As violence against the Rohingya continued in Myanmar, Canada was thanked by Rohingya around the world for showing leadership, and there was hope that the federal Liberal government of Justin Trudeau would play a leading role on the world stage to help prevent further genocidal atrocities against the minority.

 

But as Rohingya world wide marked the seventh anniversary of Rohingya Genocide Remembrance Day on August 25 this year, Canada has not only demonstrated hypocrisy around its frequent claims to being a “rule of law” nation and defender of international human rights, it has also demonstrated its abject failure to defend those rights by doing little of substance to address any of the underlying issues around the Rohingya genocide despite promises to do so on multiple occasions since 2017.

 

Seven years after the most recent genocidal violence experienced by the Rohingya, something which is the culmination of genocidal policies implemented over the past four decades, Canada has shown that it is not interested in addressing the root causes of genocide. 

 

The inaction of Canadian leaders gives the impression that they seem to care little that more than 400 Rohingya villages were destroyed, thousands of Rohingya women were gang raped, or that thousands of men, women and children were butchered by the Myanmar military.

 

Seven years of genocide

 

Since 2017, the political situation in that region of the world has changed. The military is back in control in Myanmar after a 2021 coup, while the Rohingya in the remaining villages in Myanmar’s Rakhine state are being subjected to new atrocities. 

 

Recently approximately 200 people were killed by drone strikes as they tried to flee on boats in the Bay of Bengal. Also, over the preceding months dozens of Rohingya villages were destroyed as Buthidaung township became a battleground for the Myanmar military and a rebel group called the Arakan Army, with the Rohingya caught in between the two forces, and many being forced to flee for their safety.

 

The situation in Bangladesh is also different given the recent regime change that ousted former prime minister Sheikh Hasina. But this means little for the more than 1.3 million Rohingya refugees who are wasting away in the largest refugee camp in the world in that country, with little prospect of returning to their homeland.

 

With the world’s attention focussed on other international crises, it seems like the plight of the Rohingya no longer matters to nations like Canada which claim to be defenders of the so-called “international legal order.”

 

The ‘rule of law’ hypocrisy

 

Canada and its allies have shown that the international rule of law matters little where it doesn’t serve the political agendas of the West.  When they had the opportunity to uphold the foundations of the United Nations – the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention – they chose to do as little as possible or nothing at all where the people facing danger were racialized.

 

Another example of Canadian hypocrisy and failure to act is related to the genocide case filed by Gambia against Myanmar in November 2019.  Despite past calls by Rohingya activists and Canadian human rights organizations for Canada to file a case against Myanmar at the International Court of Justice it was the tiny African nation of Gambia that stepped up and took leadership on the issue. 

 

Since then Canada’s foreign affairs minister has issued media statements on three separate occasions saying it would support Gambia’s case but has failed to follow through each time. To Canadian Rohingya activists it appears that this nation’s leaders are more interested in getting good PR on the international stage than helping to prosecute Myanmar for its genocidal crimes.

 

Canada’s disinterest in preventing or stopping genocide has become very evident over the years with its unwillingness to take action against China in the genocide of its Uyghur minority, its failure to take action or at a minimum condemn the 10-month-long genocide of Palestinians by Israel, as well as Canada’s failure in the 1990s to do anything to help prevent the Rwandan Genocide or the genocide of Muslims in the Balkans. Judging from the inaction of Canadian leaders it seems Canada is more interested in showing humanity and expressing sympathy for genocide victims after the fact than preventing or stopping crimes from taking place.

 

By relegating the Rohingya genocide to the back burner of Canada’s foreign affairs agenda this nation’s leaders have failed again to serve the cause of human rights and international rule of law, as they have so many times in the past, and continue to do in the face of the Palestinian genocide. 

 

In doing so they demonstrate the racism of Canada’s foreign policy, and that preventing or prosecuting genocide is not really a priority for this country.

 

FAREED KHAN

Fareed Khan is the founder of Canadians United Against Hate and has written and commented extensively about issues around racism and human rights. More by Fareed Khan

 

RAISS TINMAUNG

Raiss Tinmaung is a Canadian Rohingya activist and co-founder of the Rohingya Human Rights Network. More by Raiss Tinmaung

 

© 2024 Rabble.ca.  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 The View From Here.  © 2024 Fareed Khan.  All Rights Reserved.